though there is no evidence

[arbeka]

(первая в Европе)

"Wanting to attend university, but finding higher education forbidden in Russia,[5] in 1892, Tumarkin moved to Switzerland to study at the University of Bern under Ludwig Stein.


[3][4] Three years later, she submitted her thesis on Johann Gottfried Herder and Immanuel Kant,[5] which she successfully defended, and passed her examinations earning her doctorate.[2] Around this same time, she met Anna Hoff, an older woman and friend of Dr. Stein's, who often attended the lectures he held at his home. The two became friends, making a habit of sitting together at lectures, and Hoff introduced Tumarkin to her daughter, Ida, who was five years younger than Tumarkin.[6] Tumarkin and the younger Hoff, would later become life-long companions, though there is no evidence one way or the other to determine if their relationship was a lesbian partnership.[7] She then moved to Berlin where she continued her studies for three years with Wilhelm Dilthey and Erich Schmidt, before returning to Bern to complete her thesis and examination for her Habilitation in 1898, becoming not only the first woman in Switzerland to complete her post-doctoral work, but the first woman in Europe.[3][5][8]
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Анна Тумаркин родилась в состоятельной еврейской семье в Дубровно (теперь райцентр Дубровенского района Витебской области Белоруссии)[3]. Её отец — бессарабский купец и впоследствии личный дворянин[4] Палтиэл (Павел) Моисеевич Тумаркин (ум. 1906)[5] — занимался оптовой торговлей обувью, публицистикой на иврите и переводами с русского языка на иврит (под именем Полтиэл Иосеф Тумаркин). Один из первых переводчиков современной американской литературы на иврит (посредством русского языка[6]). Среди его переводов — «Шенат хаАлпаим: хаАтака ме-ат хаПрофессор Беллами» О. Синина (1898).[7] Палтиел Тумаркин и его жена София Герценштейн происходили из Дубровно, но уже в самом раннем детстве их дочь Хана-Эстер (в будущем Анна-Эстер) росла в Кишинёве. Здесь окончила женскую гимназию и учительские курсы[8].

Анна Тумаркин начала обучение в Берлинском университете под руководством Вильгельма Дильтея[9]. С 1892 года жила в Швейцарии, где к тому времени уже учился её старший брат. Поступила на философское отделение Бернского университета, где в 1895 году успешно защитила диссертацию по сравнительному анализу философских трудов Гердера и Канта, изданную в первой книге «Бернского курса философии» под редакцией её научного руководителя Людвига Штейна.
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А́нна-Э́стер Тума́ркин (Анна Павловна Тумаркина, нем. Anna Ester Tumarkin; 16 февраля 1875, Дубровно, Могилёвская губерния — 7 августа 1951, Гюмлиген, Швейцария) — швейцарский философ, историк философии, психолог российского происхождения; первая в Европе женщина — профессор философии (1909).

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[belkafoto.livejournal.com]

In 1912, Tumarkin became the roommate of Ida Hoff, who by that time had graduated from her studies and become one of the first female physicians in Bern. Hoff had opened her own practice in 1911 and recently moved to a larger house on Amthausgasse (Office-building street) to facilitate her growing practice.[12] With room to spare, she asked Tumarkin to join her to share the accommodations.[6] The two women were opposites in personality with Hoff being firmly grounded, practical, and a free-spirit, while Tumarkin was an abstract thinker, preferred routine, and was often engaged in seeking rational explanations for minutia.[7] In 1918, Tumarkin's Russian passport was nullified when Chișinău became part of the Kingdom of Romania and she sought Swiss citizenship, which was granted to her in 1921.[2] That same year, in the spring, they moved together into a new home on Hallwylstrasse, a few doors down from the Swiss National Library, filling the house with beautiful furniture and setting aside a room as their own library.[6]

[belkafoto.livejournal.com]

Hoff was one of the first women in Bern to own a car and the two women enjoyed taking Sunday drives to visit the various cantons of Switzerland. They also ventured further abroad,[13] like a trip in 1925, when for the first time, Tumarkin took Hoff to visit her family in Chișinău.[7] They also took a trip to Greece together in 1927.[13] In the 1920s, Hoff, who was a feminist convinced Tumarkin of the advantages of women's suffrage and thereafter, Tumarkin became committed to women gaining the vote. In 1928 she participated in the first Swiss Exhibition for Women's Work

she developed elephantiasis

[belkafoto.livejournal.com]

The events of The Holocaust, in which she lost many family members and friends, began to affect her health. By 1943, she was forced to retire for medical problems, when she developed elephantiasis.[2][5] Hoff tried to care for her companion at home, but Tumarkin's decline continued and she became increasingly confused.[14]

[belkafoto.livejournal.com]

Six weeks after Hoff brought Tumarkin to the Siloah Deaconess House in Gümligen, Tumarkin died on 7 August 1951. Hoff's will to live was shaken by the loss of her life-long partner and she died almost exactly one year later on 4 August 1952.[14]

Ida Hoff

[belkafoto.livejournal.com]

Ida Hoff (8 January 1880 - 5 August 1952) was a pioneering medical doctor in Switzerland.[1] As a woman in a man's world she achieved a number of "firsts". She was the first woman to be employed as a school doctor in Bern.[2] She was a feminist activist, although it was as much her lifestyle choices as her conscious activism that are remembered. In a traditionalist city in the conservative heart of Switzerland, Ida Hoff was one of Bern's first regular female motorists.[3]

[belkafoto.livejournal.com]

Family provenance and early years

Adelaide "Ida" Hoff was born in Moscow. Her father, Siegfried Hoff (ca.1845-1896), had been born into a prosperous German Jewish family, and had emigrated to the United States, taking US citizenship. According to one source, Siegfried Hoff was regarded by family members as the "black sheep" of the family. At some stage he had trained as a dentist. However, he had left the United States and, from the perspective of his respectable brother Leopold who lived near Hamburg and ran the family manufacturing business, Siegfried had "disappeared" into czarist Russia where he supported himself as a businessman. The family business had been established by Ida's grandfather, Johann Hoff, and involved manufacturing a Malt Extract health tonic which sold well in the German speaking world. It also sold well in Russia, where "Hoff's Elixir" even got a mention in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881). As a child Ida Hoff grew up in circumstances of some material comfort, possibly reflecting her father's success as a health tonic salesman.[1]

Anna Naschatir (1861–1901) was the "impoverished cousin" of Siegfried Hoff's landlord. She had been born in Daugavpils which today is in Latvia but at that time would have been regarded as a prosperous city to the south of St. Petersburg in the western part of the Russian empire. Anna was at least sixteen years younger than Siegfried. It is not clear whether they married out of love or from dynastic calculations. The marriage ceremony, conducted towards the end of 1878 in St. Petersburg, was a lavish affair. The couple's only child, Adelaide "Ida" Hoff, was born a little over a year later. However, the marriage was a joyless one. Anna and Siegfried separated in the mid 1880s, although they were formally divorced only in 1890. It was possibly a reflection of the stigma surrounding divorce that later Ida would explain that she had grown up in a one-parent family in the context of her father's early death, which was not completely untrue. (Her father died in 1896.) Despite being a one parent family, it appears that the divorce settlement left Anna and her daughter well provided for financially.[1]