Cavell

Mar. 13th, 2025 08:55 am
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Edith Louisa Cavell

Э́дит Луи́за Кэ́велл[8] (англ. Edith Louisa Cavell; 4 декабря 1865, Суордестон, Норфолк, Англия — 12 октября 1915, Схарбек, Бельгия) — британская медсестра. Известна тем, что в годы Первой мировой войны спасала жизни солдат всех воюющих стран без каких-либо различий, и тем, что помогла около 200 солдатам союзников бежать из оккупированной германскими войсками Бельгии, за что была арестована и казнена немцами.

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После оккупации большей части территории Бельгии германскими войсками в 1914 году она стала членом подпольной группы, занимавшейся переправкой раненых и пленных солдат союзных армий в нейтральные Нидерланды. Солдат прятали в здании школы медсестёр, ставшей больницей Красного креста. Главным помощником Кэвелл был бельгиец Филипп Бак, помогавший деньгами и связями. До августа 1915 года, когда Кэвелл, Бак и несколько их помощников были арестованы, им удалось спасти около 200 человек.

7 октября 1915 года военно-полевым судом Эдит Кэвелл была признана виновной в измене и приговорена к смертной казни. Несмотря на международное давление (в особенности со стороны США и Испании), она была расстреляна немецкими солдатами. Казнь осудили в разных странах, она получила широкую огласку в прессе государств-членов Антанты и их союзников, а также нейтральных стран
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Cavell was born on 4 December 1865[3] in Swardeston, a village near Norwich, where her father Frederick Cavell was vicar for 45 years.[4] She was the eldest of the four children of the Reverend Frederick Cavell (1824–1910) and his wife Louisa Sophia Warming (1835–1918).
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Arrest and trial

Cavell was arrested on 3 August 1915 and charged with harbouring Allied soldiers. She had been betrayed by Georges Gaston Quien, who was later convicted by a French court as a collaborator.[20][21] Cavell was held in Saint-Gilles prison for ten weeks, the last two of which were spent in solitary confinement.[4] She made three depositions to the German police (on 8, 18 and 22 August), admitting that she had been instrumental in conveying about 60 British and 15 French soldiers, as well as about 100 French and Belgian civilians of military age, to the frontier and had sheltered most of them in her house.[18]

At her court-martial, Cavell was prosecuted for aiding British and French soldiers, and young Belgian men, to cross the Dutch border and eventually enter Britain. She admitted her guilt when she signed a statement the day before the trial. Cavell declared that the soldiers she had helped escape thanked her in writing when they arrived safely in Britain. This admission confirmed that Cavell had not only helped the soldiers navigate the Dutch frontier, but it also established that she helped them escape to a country at war with Germany.[22] Her fellow defendants included Prince Reginald's sister, Princess Marie of Croÿ.

The penalty, according to German military law, was death. Paragraph 58 of the German Military Code determined that "In time of war, anyone who, with the intention of aiding a hostile power, or of causing harm to German or allied troops", commits any of the crimes defined in paragraph 90 of the German Penal Code "shall be punished with death for war treason". Specifically, Cavell was charged under paragraph 90 (1) no. 3 Reichsstrafgesetzbuch, for "conveying troops to the enemy", a crime normally punishable by life imprisonment in peacetime.[22]
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